Page 65 - PAAT_Journal_V1-2019

PAAT Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, (June 2019)

organization. Externally, public management entails leading efforts to collaborate with private

groups to support the adoption of public policy. Public management professionals must
therefore work with private citizens and other public organizations to keep public programs

running efficiently and effectively. Under this capacity, major tasks are coordinating public
workforce to assist with projects and assisting communities to secure necessary resources to

implement public programs.
The underlying difference between both fields lies in the core definitions of

administration and management. Management is concerned with planning and acting, while
administration relates to the application of policies that dictate how management personnel
should act. The rules of public administration are instrumental to the process of developing

policy, providing a measure of guidance as to how those policies should be introduced to
societies. In contrast, the rules of public management dictate how civil servants should

implement those policies. Public management is a hands-on approach that focuses on the
daily tasks involved with rolling out policies, whereas public administration prioritizes

controlling the hierarchies, rules, and regulations that contribute to instituting public policy.
With the introduction of production engineering in public service delivery in the 1980s,

many governments worldwide began to realize external forces pushing for changes in public
management processes, from public management to new public management (NPM). The
first practices of NPM were probably introduced by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the

United Kingdom. Thatcher drove changes in public management policy in many areas
including organizational methods, civil service, labor relations, expenditure planning, financial

management, audit, evaluation, and procurement. Thatcher coined herself as the prime
minister and policy entrepreneur. New Zealand, Australia and Sweden were the first group of

countries following the change led by the United Kingdom. The Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD) established a Public Management Committee and

Secretariat to pursue detailed studies of the NPM and eventually adopted the same practices.
President Bill Clinton introduced NPM in the U.S. in the 1990s. With the launches of National
Partnership and the Government Performance and Results Act, the United States has officially

adopted the NPM (Morisson, A. & Doussineau, M., 2019:101-116)).
With the introduction of at least 3 main driving factors including disruptive

technologies, VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity), and the mega-trends;
public management professionals have found that NPM may no longer be the answer

responding to the needs of the society and the public. The rapid of change is faster

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